Unlike the developed countries in the world, the Iranian economy is bank-oriented, and about 80% of the supply is provided by banks, and only 20% is provided by the capital market. One of the important tools in the financial market is treasury bills. Due to the ban of Riba in Islam, traditional treasury bills can not be used in the ISLAMIC financial system. Therefore, the ISLAMIC capital markets require low-risk short-term financial instruments that can fill the vacuum of traditional treasury bills. This instrument is ISLAMIC treasury bills which are a new financial tool introduced by the government since 2013 to settle claims of non-government creditors. The main purpose of this tool is to finance the government deficit in the short term. Although the government applies these tools mainly to finance part of the budget deficit, settle debts to contractors and banks and achieve further financial discipline, they are also used to expand and improve the capital and money market.

Syndicated loans are defined as drawing up an agreement between two or several lending institutions to jointly provide loans to applicants. Syndicated loans arrangement for corporate finance could be made operational within the framework of ISLAMIC Financial System and the Law on Usury Free Banking. In light of availabity of more information and higher intensive oversight Viz-a-Viz extension of syndicated loans on activities of the credit recipients, the problem of asymmetry of information could be less pronounced. Thus, the risk of adverse selection and moral hazard which are common in banking practices are better managed, and consequently by creating more incentives for banks and credit institutions to use PLS mode of finance through applying operational frameworks which are more consistent with ISLAMIC finance, they may create better opportunities to achieve higher returns on their investment targets.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between stockholders' attitude and ISLAMIC FINANCING acceptance in Tehran's Stock Exchange. ISLAMIC FINANCING refers to providing capital, services and tools that are based on ISLAMIC laws and regulations. Today, ISLAMIC FINANCING has emerged as a new source of economic growth, but in industries and businesses other methods are mostly used for FINANCING. This research is of applied type as well as a correlation study. The population includes 410 shareholders of Tehran Stock Exchange which were selected though random sampling. The structural equation modeling and LISREL software have been used to test the hypothesis. The results show that the attitude of the shareholders to accept ISLAMIC finance is positive. But their religious opinions were not significantly affecting their attitudes. Also, knowledge and awareness, cost benefits and business support affected the stakeholders' attitude to ISLAMIC FINANCING.

The use of new ISLAMIC FINANCING tools is one of the logical ways to improve the performance of banks in ISLAMIC countries. ISLAMIC instruments are considered as the simplest method of FINANCING and liquidity, which, while relying on physical assets and reducing credit risks, have no legal problems and the experience of recent years indicates the high efficiency of these instruments in strengthening the performance of the country's banks. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of ISLAMIC FINANCING (through rent sukuk and Murabaha bonds) on the allocation of banking resources in Iran is examined  during the period 2012: 4 to 2021: 2 (based on quarterly data) using Markov Switching econometric technique. The results show that sukuk bonds in both regimes have a positive effect on banking facilities, but nevertheless, the impact coefficients are not very significant. Therefore, we must look for ways to attract foreign and domestic investment in order to issue different types of sukuk in order to increase the resources of banks.

This study is related to an ISLAMIC project FINANCING with a major focus on investigating the role of ISLAMIC finance in FINANCING infrastructural development projects (toll roads, power plants, airports, and plants, as well as natural resource exploitation projects, such as hydroelectric dams, mining projects, oil and gas assets, and paper mills), especially in the context of Pakistan. Infrastructural development being a significant indicator of stability and growth, most countries attempt to develop their infrastructure to a competitive level in their respective regions. Considering this critical aspect of economic development, ISLAMIC project FINANCING can be beneficial to developing economies like Pakistan as it would be able to compensate for a lack of domestic infrastructural development. New and innovative financial solutions are required to cater to the needs of infrastructural investment. ISLAMIC project is an area which can open new channels for this purpose and this area is also under-explored. ISLAMIC banks in Pakistan and across the globe need to be involved in huge infrastructural FINANCING.1 However, their growth rate and efficiency is higher than in conventional FINANCING. Focusing on this aspect, this research study is based on a review of project FINANCING in Pakistan. The study portrayed the current scene of project FINANCING in Pakistan, and investigated the involvement and challenges faced by ISLAMIC modes of FINANCING in infrastructural projects in Pakistan. Fourteen in depth interviews were conducted with public and private sector professionals to investigate the issues and prospects. The main challenges faced by ISLAMIC financial institutions (IFIs) are a lack of regulation and investment avenues, and non-coherent standards and practices. However, these IFIs have opportunities with respect to the ISLAMIC market and fund development.

Recently, FINANCING knowledge-based companies as a strategic issue in Iranian economy has been considered by many domestic bankers. In this regard, the establishment of venture funds and the allocation of credit lines may be considered as major activities of the banking system. However, there are many challenges on the road to achieve effective FINANCING of knowledge-based companies, namely the existing risks, absence of supervision, valuation approaches to science-based projects, etc. that despite extensive studies provide some improving opportunities in this area. Here, the Export Development Bank of Iran due to its supportive role in Iranian international trade is being engaged with an expert study for presenting a novel idea based on ISLAMIC financial instruments as one of these achievements. This article will explain the aspects of the model and is organized as follows: At first, it reviews some statistics related to venture capital in Iran and the world and tries to analyze the current situation of knowledge-based FINANCING. It continues with the development of literature reviews and determines the desired situation. Then the proposed model is to cover the gap between these situations and finally, it benefits from experts to validate the model and its applications.